I have the pleasure to welcome and introduce James Bosbotinis with a new post at ltcollibbo. James has written a very enlightened and perceptive article reflecting Russia’s current attitude in a multipolar world.
Thanks James and welcome back.
Enjoy the article!
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James Bosbotinis is a UK-based analyst specialising in military and strategic developments. His research interests include contemporary British maritime thinking and doctrine, seapower, the Russian Armed Forces and national strategy, and Chinese military developments. He is currently reading for a PhD at King’s College London on the debate concerning Britain’s future aircraft carrier programme and British maritime strategy. He is also an Associate Member of, and Editorial Assistant for the Corbett Centre for Maritime Policy Studies, King’s College London.
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The on-going Russian response to the deposing of the Yanukovich regime in Ukraine, in particular with regard to its use of military power, sheds much light on the evolving trajectory of Russian national strategy. In this respect, the basic principles of Russian national strategy can be identified in key policy documents, namely the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation and the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, and vividly illustrated in President Putin’s 18 March 2014 speech to the combined Federation Council and Duma. A common thread runs through the respective documents: that of Russia as a ‘world power which seeks to maintain strategic stability and mutually beneficial partnership in a multipolar [emphasis added] world’, with ‘strong positions of authority in the world community that best meet the interests of the Russian Federation as one of influential [sic] centers in the modern world’. In military terms, Russia seeks to:
In the interest of strategic stability and equitable multilateral cooperation in the international area, … make all necessary efforts at the least cost level for the maintenance of parity with the United States in the field of strategic offensive weapons in the context of a global missile defence system and implement the global lightning strike, using strategic media for nuclear and non-nuclear equipment.
Moreover, the principal threat to Russia and the international system more broadly, is identified as emanating from the West. President Putin, in his 18 March 2014 speech, declared thus:
Like a mirror, the situation in Ukraine reflects what is going on and what has been happening in the world over the past several decades. After the dissolution of bipolarity on the planet, we no longer have stability. Key international institutions are not getting any stronger; on the contrary, in many cases, they are sadly degrading. Our western partners, led by the United States of America, prefer not to be guided by international law in their practical policies, but by the rule of the gun. They have come to believe in their exclusivity and exceptionalism, that they can decide the destinies of the world, that only they can ever be right. They act as they please: here and there, they use force against sovereign states, building coalitions based on the principle “If you are not with us, you are against us.”
This reflects a deep dissatisfaction with the post-Cold War settlement, in particular with respect to Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Russia therefore seeks to assert itself as a distinct pole in a multipolar international system: Western unilateralism either being contained by international institutions (especially the UN Security Council), or Russian military power. In this respect, current developments in Ukraine, and in Georgia in 2008 are significant. The fundamental objective of Russian long-term national strategy is the assertion of primacy over the Former Soviet Union, especially with regard to the military-security context. This is necessary in order to counter the perceived Western strategy of containment described by Putin and to enable Russia to project power and influence globally.
In this context, Ukraine holds a particular significance. Geographically, Ukraine is critical to the balance of power in the Black Sea region and the security of Russia’s south-western flank and position in the North Caucasus. A Russian-dominated Ukraine enables the projection of Russian power and influence into south-eastern and eastern Europe; conversely, a pro-Western Ukraine could result in Russia being contained on the eastern shores of the Black Sea. As the second-largest country in Europe (second only to Russia) with a population in excess of 45 million, Ukraine is arguably, after Russia, the most significant of the former Soviet republics, and as Putin described in his 18 March speech, Ukraine is perceived to have a distinct and important position in Russian national identity. Should Russia succeed in ensuring a preponderating influence over Ukraine (whether via political, economic or military means), in the face of Ukrainian and Western efforts to orient Ukraine westward, it would constitute a substantive shift in the balance of power in the former Soviet Union. Moreover, it would contribute to a perception of Russian primacy in the former Soviet Union and potentially aid Putin’s long-term vision of Eurasian integration.
In the long-term, Ukraine is central to Russia’s ambition of great power status and the possession of an ability to shape and influence the international system. Russia has demonstrated its willingness to utilise military power in order to protect and project its interests in Crimea, and may conduct further actions to shape Ukraine’s political trajectory more fundamentally. Russia is also seeking to develop its capacity to project power on a sustained basis globally, in particular via the development of enhanced maritime and long-range aviation (most notably, via the nascent PAK DA bomber programme) capabilities and the acquisition of overseas bases (in particular in Central/South America, the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean region and Far East). This ambition was vividly illustrated, in naval terms, by the then Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky, in 2010: ‘Russia’s status as successor to the great Soviet Union means that it must have a powerful and balanced ocean navy to defend its interests in any part of the world ocean where such interests exist, and they exist everywhere’. Russia’s use of naval assets in response to the crisis in Syria, especially in the latter half of 2013 serve as an example of Russian thinking on the uses of naval power as a component of wider national power.
The trajectory of Russia’s national strategy, especially with regard to its identification of the US and the West as the principal threats to its interests and the requirement for Russia to have the means to act globally, provides the context for Russia’s on-going rearmament programme. Russia’s response to recent developments in Ukraine indicates a willingness to act in defence of core interests even if that results in confrontation with Western powers; paradoxically, Russia may act more decisively if it perceives its position to be weakening in order for it to secure a more favourable balance of power. This is central to Russian national strategy; the preservation of a favourable balance of power that protects Russia’s core interests and enables it to project its influence in the international system commensurate with its status as a Great Power. Russia’s actions in Ukraine need to be understood within this national strategic context, as does Russia’s attitude to the use of military power: this will provide the means by which to understand Russia’s evolving strategic trajectory and the formulation of appropriate national and alliance responses.








